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基礎健康對女性生育力的影響

2024.03.04
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  基(ji)本健(jian)(jian)康因(yin)素會(hui)為(wei)(wei)什么(me)會(hui)影響(xiang)女性的(de)生(sheng)育(yu)能(neng)力(li)?主要是因(yin)為(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎健(jian)(jian)康問題會(hui)影響(xiang)與生(sheng)殖功能(neng)有關的(de)激素和生(sheng)理過程。下(xia)面愛維艾夫醫院管理集團首席科學家(jia)范秀(xiu)軍博士將從兩個角度去介紹為(wei)(wei)什么(me)基(ji)礎健(jian)(jian)康對女性生(sheng)育(yu)力(li)重要的(de)原因(yin)。

  首先看女性生育力的不同階段可以受那些基礎健康因素的影響

  ①激(ji)素(su)(su)平衡(heng):許多基本健康因素(su)(su),如營養、體(ti)重和壓(ya)力水平,可以影(ying)響雌激(ji)素(su)(su)、孕激(ji)素(su)(su)和黃體(ti)生成(cheng)素(su)(su)等生殖(zhi)激(ji)素(su)(su)的(de)微妙平衡(heng)。任(ren)何(he)激(ji)素(su)(su)平衡(heng)的(de)紊亂都可能(neng)干擾(rao)排卵、月經規律(lv)和受孕能(neng)力。(Chavarro 等, 2007)

  ②排(pai)(pai)卵(luan):排(pai)(pai)卵(luan)是生(sheng)育的關鍵因素(su),依(yi)賴于激素(su)調節(jie)、適當營養和整體(ti)健康等(deng)各種因素(su)。這些因素(su)的任(ren)何紊亂,如過度運動或壓力過大,都(dou)可能導(dao)致排(pai)(pai)卵(luan)不規律或無(wu)排(pai)(pai)卵(luan),從而影響生(sheng)育能力。 (Warren 等(deng), 2011)

  ③生殖器(qi)(qi)官(guan)功能(neng):基本健康因(yin)素(su)也可能(neng)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)卵巢、子宮(gong)和(he)輸卵管(guan)等(deng)生殖器(qi)(qi)官(guan)的健康和(he)功能(neng)。像子宮(gong)內膜(mo)異位癥或盆(pen)腔炎(yan)癥性疾病(PID)這樣的情(qing)況,通常(chang)受到(dao)性傳播感染(ran)或環境毒(du)素(su)等(deng)因(yin)素(su)的影(ying)(ying)響(xiang),可能(neng)會(hui)(hui)損害這些器(qi)(qi)官(guan)并影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)生育能(neng)力(li)。(Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine美國生殖醫學會(hui)(hui)實踐委員會(hui)(hui), 2015)

  ④卵子(zi)質(zhi)量和(he)數量:女性的生(sheng)育(yu)能(neng)力與(yu)卵子(zi)的質(zhi)量和(he)數量密切(qie)相關。年齡、環境毒素和(he)某些醫療條件可能(neng)會(hui)對(dui)卵子(zi)質(zhi)量產生(sheng)負面影響(xiang),降低(di)卵巢儲(chu)備(bei),使(shi)受孕更加(jia)困難(nan)。(Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine美國生(sheng)殖醫學會(hui)實(shi)踐委員會(hui), 2012)

  ⑤著床和懷(huai)孕:即使受精(jing)發生,健康的妊娠也需要有(you)利的子(zi)(zi)宮環境進(jin)行著床和發育。吸(xi)煙、過度飲(yin)酒、環境毒(du)素和某些藥物等(deng)因素可能會影響子(zi)(zi)宮內膜,增加流(liu)產或著床失敗的風險。 (Bellver 等(deng), 2016)

  ⑥整體(ti)健(jian)康(kang)和(he)(he)免疫(yi)(yi)功能(neng):女性的(de)整體(ti)健(jian)康(kang)和(he)(he)免疫(yi)(yi)功能(neng)在生(sheng)育能(neng)力中起著重要(yao)作(zuo)用。慢性疾病、營養(yang)不良和(he)(he)暴露(lu)于環境毒素都可能(neng)削(xue)弱免疫(yi)(yi)系統,并增加生(sheng)殖問題(ti)或妊娠并發癥的(de)風險。(Sifakis 等, 2017)

  ⑦遺(yi)傳學和表觀遺(yi)傳學:一(yi)些(xie)健康狀況和生(sheng)活方式因(yin)素可能會通過(guo)遺(yi)傳或(huo)表觀遺(yi)傳機(ji)制影(ying)響生(sheng)育能力,影(ying)響與生(sheng)殖功能相關的基因(yin)表達。(Sirmans和Pate, 2013)

  ⑧心理健康:心理健康與生育能(neng)力密切相(xiang)關。長期的壓(ya)力、焦慮和抑郁可能(neng)會干(gan)擾生殖系統的正常功(gong)能(neng),影響(xiang)月(yue)經周期和排卵。(Domar等,1991;Klonoff-Cohen等,Lynch等,2012)

  基礎健康因素可以影響的女性生育力環節

  ①營養(yang):充足的(de)營養(yang)對生(sheng)殖(zhi)健康(kang)至關(guan)重要,關(guan)鍵營養(yang)素(su)(如葉酸、鐵和(he)維生(sheng)素(su)D)的(de)缺乏可能影響生(sheng)育能力。(Gaskins等,2014)

  ②體重(zhong):體重(zhong)過輕(qing)和過重(zhong)都(dou)可能破壞激素平衡和排(pai)卵,從(cong)而影響生(sheng)育能力。(Bellver等,2016)

  ③運動和體力活動:過度運動可能導致月經(jing)周期不規律和排卵功能障礙,影響生(sheng)育能力。(Hawkins和Matzuk,2008)

  ④壓(ya)(ya)力:慢性壓(ya)(ya)力可能干擾下丘腦-垂體-卵巢(chao)軸,導(dao)致月經不規律和生育能力降低。(Sanders,2017)

  ⑤吸煙和藥物濫用(yong):吸煙和過度(du)飲酒或濫用(yong)藥物可(ke)能通過破壞(huai)激素水平(ping)和損(sun)害生(sheng)殖器官來損(sun)害生(sheng)育能力。(Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine美國生(sheng)殖醫學會實踐委員會,2012)

  ⑥性傳播感染(STIs):淋病、梅毒(du)等性傳播感染可能導致(zhi)盆(pen)腔炎癥性疾病(PID),從而導致(zhi)輸卵管損傷(shang)和不(bu)孕。(Workowski和Bolan,2015)

  ⑦慢性(xing)健康狀況(kuang):多囊卵巢(chao)綜合征(PCOS)、子(zi)宮內膜異(yi)位癥和(he)甲狀腺疾病等病癥可能(neng)通過(guo)激素失衡和(he)結(jie)構異(yi)常影(ying)響生(sheng)育能(neng)力(li)。(Sirmans和(he)Pate,2013)

  ⑧環境因素(su):暴(bao)露于農(nong)藥(yao)和內分(fen)泌(mi)干(gan)擾物等環境毒素(su)可能(neng)干(gan)擾激(ji)素(su)調(diao)節和生殖功能(neng)。(Sifakis等,2017)

  ⑨年齡:女性的生育能力隨著年齡增(zeng)長(chang)而下降(jiang),因為卵(luan)子數量和質量減少,增(zeng)加(jia)了不孕和妊(ren)娠并發癥(zheng)的風險。(Te Velde和Pearson,2002)

  ⑩醫療(liao)治療(liao):化療(liao)和放療(liao)等(deng)某些醫療(liao)治療(liao)可(ke)能會暫時(shi)或永久(jiu)損(sun)害生育能力(li)。(Ginsburg等(deng),2009)

  綜(zong)上所述,基礎(chu)健(jian)(jian)康狀況對女(nv)性的(de)生(sheng)育能力產生(sheng)影響(xiang),因為它直接影響(xiang)了體內(nei)激素(su)平(ping)衡、生(sheng)殖(zhi)器官功能、卵(luan)子質量和(he)數量,以(yi)及免(mian)疫系統的(de)健(jian)(jian)康。通過(guo)保持良好的(de)基礎(chu)健(jian)(jian)康狀況,可以(yi)提高(gao)女(nv)性的(de)生(sheng)育能力和(he)受孕機會。

  參考文獻:

  Bellver, J., Ayllón, Y., Ferrando, M., Melo, M., Goyri, E., Pellicer, A., & Remohí, J. (2016). Female obesity impairs in vitro fertilization outcome without affecting embryo quality. Fertility and Sterility, 105(4), 933–938.

  Chavarro, J. E., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Rosner, B. A., & Willett, W. C. (2007). Diet and lifestyle in the prevention of ovulatory disorder infertility. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 110(5), 1050-1058.

  Domar, A. D., & Meshay, I. (1991). Impact of psychological factors on dropout rates in insured infertility patients. Fertility and Sterility, 56(4), 834-836.

  Gaskins, A. J., Chavarro, J. E., & Diet and fertility: a review. (2014). American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 210(3), 185–186.

  Ginsburg, E. S., Yanushpolsky, E. H., & Jackson, K. V. (2009). In vitro fertilization for cancer patients and survivors. Fertility and Sterility, 92(2), 517–523.

  Hawkins, S. M., & Matzuk, M. M. (2008). The menstrual cycle: basic biology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1135(1), 10–18.

  Klonoff-Cohen, H., Natarajan, L., & Marrs, R. (2005). Stress reduction in the secondary prevention of infertility. Fertility and Sterility, 83(4), 1089-1091.

  Lynch, C. D., Sundaram, R., Maisog, J. M., Sweeney, A. M., & Louis, G. M. (2012). Preconception stress increases the risk of infertility: results from a couple-based prospective cohort study—the LIFE study. Human Reproduction, 27(8), 2088-2095.

  Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. (2012). Smoking and infertility: a committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility, 98(6), 1400–1406.

  Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. (2015). Endometriosis and infertility: a committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility, 103(1), e11-e15.

  Sanders, K. A. (2017). Stress-induced changes in luteinizing hormone secretion are caused by both increased bioactive and decreased immunoreactive luteinizing hormone release. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 29(8), e12513.

  Sifakis, S., Androutsopoulos, V. P., Tsatsakis, A. M., & Spandidos, D. A. (2017). Human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals: effects on the male and female reproductive systems. Environment International, 99, 41–50.

  Sirmans, S. M., & Pate, K. A. (2013). Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical Epidemiology, 6, 1–13.

  Te Velde, E. R., & Pearson, P. L. (2002). The variability of female reproductive ageing. Human Reproduction Update, 8(2), 141–154.

  Warren, M. P., Perlroth, N. E., & The effect of intense exercise on the female reproductive system. (2011). The Journal of Endocrinology, 170(1), 3-11.

  Workowski, K. A., & Bolan, G. A. (2015). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR. Recommendations and Reports, 64(RR-03), 1–137.

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